Evaluación del efecto tóxico de hongos Basidiomycota en la eclosión de quistes de Artemia franciscana / Evaluation of the toxicity of Basidiomycota fungi on the hatching of Artemia franciscana cysts

Antecedentes. El consumo de hongos silvestres se ha incrementado en los últimos años; sin embargo, no todos son comestibles y algunos son causantes de varios tipos de envenenamiento. Por esto es necesario realizar estudios que aporten información de su toxicidad. Artemia franciscana es un crustáceo que se emplea en ensayos de toxicidad con una gran aplicación en la detección de toxinas fúngicas. Objetivos. Determinar el porcentaje de inhibición de la eclosión y mortalidad de quistes de A. franciscana producidos por extractos de hongos de la división Basidiomycota. Métodos. Se prepararon extractos acuosos de basidiomas de 15 especies de basidiomicetos recolectados en Jalisco (México) y se probó el efecto de diferentes concentraciones sobre quistes de A. franciscana. Se utilizaron dicromato de potasio y agua de mar como controles positivo y negativo, respectivamente. Se determinaron los porcentajes de inhibición de la eclosión y de la mortalidad de los quistes de A. franciscana. Resultados. Trece de las 15 especies estudiadas afectaron en más del 80% la eclosión de los quistes de A. franciscana en todas las concentraciones probadas; en contraste, el dicromato de potasio inhibió la eclosión en menos del 50%. El mayor porcentaje de mortalidad en los quistes fue causado por los extractos acuosos de Amanita virosa, Leucopaxillus amarus y Tylopilus violatinctus, y el menor lo produjo el extracto de Macrolepiota mastoidea. Conclusiones. El ensayo con A. franciscana demostró ser eficaz en la evaluación de la toxicidad de los hongos, con la excepción de Scleroderma texense, que se considera venenoso, y que no resultó tóxico para este crustáceo (AU)

Background. The consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years. However, not all mushrooms are edible and some of them may cause poisoning. Therefore, their toxicity needs to be studied. Artemia franciscana is a crustacean used in toxicity tests including toxins of fungi. Aims. To determine the percentage of inhibition and mortality produced by extracts of several basidiomycetes on the hatching of A. franciscana cysts. Methods. Aqueous extracts were prepared from 15 species of mushrooms collected from Jalisco state, Mexico. Different concentrations of the extracts were assayed in order to test their toxicity. Potassium dichromate and artificial seawater were the positive and negative controls, respectively. The percentages of hatching and mortality of the cysts were evaluated. Results. Inhibition of hatching greater than 80% in all the concentrations tested was found in 13 of the 15 species studied, in contrast to the positive control, which inhibited cyst hatching less than 50% in all cases. The highest percentage of mortality in the cysts was caused by the aqueous extracts of Amanita virosa, Leucopaxillus amarus, and Tylopilus violatinctus, and the lowest by Macrolepiota mastoidea. Conclusions. The brine shrimp bioassay appeared to be useful in the evaluation of the toxicity of several basidiomycetes, with the exception of Scleroderma texense, a mushroom considered poisonous, which showed no toxicity over A. franciscana (AU)

[Evaluation of the toxicity of Basidiomycota fungi on the hatching of Artemia franciscana cysts]. / Evaluación del efecto tóxico de hongos Basidiomycota en la eclosión de quistes de Artemia franciscana.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years. However, not all mushrooms are edible and some of them may cause poisoning. Therefore, their toxicity needs to be studied. Artemia franciscana is a crustacean used in toxicity tests including toxins of fungi. AIMS: To determine the percentage of inhibition and mortality produced by extracts of several basidiomycetes on the hatching of A. franciscana cysts. METHODS: Aqueous extracts were prepared from 15 species of mushrooms collected from Jalisco state, Mexico. Different concentrations of the extracts were assayed in order to test their toxicity. Potassium dichromate and artificial seawater were the positive and negative controls, respectively. The percentages of hatching and mortality of the cysts were evaluated. RESULTS: Inhibition of hatching greater than 80% in all the concentrations tested was found in 13 of the 15 species studied, in contrast to the positive control, which inhibited cyst hatching less than 50% in all cases. The highest percentage of mortality in the cysts was caused by the aqueous extracts of Amanita virosa, Leucopaxillus amarus, and Tylopilus violatinctus, and the lowest by Macrolepiota mastoidea. CONCLUSIONS: The brine shrimp bioassay appeared to be useful in the evaluation of the toxicity of several basidiomycetes, with the exception of Scleroderma texense, a mushroom considered poisonous, which showed no toxicity over A. franciscana.

Evaluación de la toxicidad de Psilocybe cubensis (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) sobre Artemia franciscana (Crustacea, Anostraca) / Evaluation of Psilocybe cubensis (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) toxicity over Artemia franciscana (Crustacea, Anostraca)

Antecedentes. Psilocybe cubensis es una especie de acción psicodisléptica, que crece sobre estiércol vacuno en praderas de zonas tropicales y subtropicales, consumido en México desde épocas ancestrales tanto con fines ceremoniales y rituales como curativos o medicinales. Artemia franciscana es un crustáceo utilizado con frecuencia como organismo modelo para pruebas de toxicidad. Objetivos. Conocer la toxicidad de P. cubensis, a través de un extracto de esta especie, sobre nauplios y adultos de A. franciscana. Métodos. Los especímenes se recolectaron en la región de Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, México, se secaron y homogeneizaron en agua de mar artificial. Los bioensayos se realizaron en tubos de ensayo con diferentes concentraciones del extracto de P. cubensis (EAP) y con dicromato de potasio como sustancia tóxica de referencia. Para conocer la toxicidad se calculó la concentración letal media (CL50) en nauplios y adultos y el porcentaje de inhibición de la eclosión de los quistes de A. franciscana. Resultados. Los nauplios presentaron una CL50=135mg/ml, mientras que la de los adultos fue CL50=172mg/ml. El EAP inhibió la eclosión de los quistes en un 100% en todas las concentraciones. Conclusiones. Bajo las condiciones de este estudio, el extracto de P. cubensis resultó tóxico para nauplios y adultos de A. franciscana(AU)

Background. Psilocybe cubensis is a species with psychodysleptic action that grows on cattle dung in pastures in the tropics and subtropics. This fungus has been widely used in Mexico since ancient times both for ceremonies and rituals, as well as for healing or medicinal purposes. Artemia franciscana is a crustacean frequently used as a model organism for toxicity testing. Aims. With the objective of determining the toxicity of P. cubensis, the results of a study with the extract of P. cubensis on nauplii and adults of the brine shrimp A. franciscana are presented. Methods. Specimens were collected at Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Mexico, and were dried and homogenized in artificial sea water. Bioassays were carried out on crystal vials filled with different concentrations of the extract of P. cubensis (EAP), and with potassium dichromate as reference toxic compound. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in nauplii and adults and the inhibition of cysts hatching in A. franciscana were calculated. Results. Nauplii showed a LC50=135mg/ml, while adults a LC50=172mg/ml. Cysts’ hatching was inhibited by the EAP at all tested concentrations. Conclusions. Under the conditions of this study, the extract of P. cubensis was toxic for nauplii and adults of A. franciscana(AU)

[Evaluation of Psilocybe cubensis (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) toxicity over Artemia franciscana (Crustacea, Anostraca)]. / Evaluación de la toxicidad de Psilocybe cubensis (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) sobre Artemia franciscana (Crustacea, Anostraca).

BACKGROUND: Psilocybe cubensis is a species with psychodysleptic action that grows on cattle dung in pastures in the tropics and subtropics. This fungus has been widely used in Mexico since ancient times both for ceremonies and rituals, as well as for healing or medicinal purposes. Artemia franciscana is a crustacean frequently used as a model organism for toxicity testing. AIMS: With the objective of determining the toxicity of P. cubensis, the results of a study with the extract of P. cubensis on nauplii and adults of the brine shrimp A. franciscana are presented. METHODS: Specimens were collected at Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Mexico, and were dried and homogenized in artificial sea water. Bioassays were carried out on crystal vials filled with different concentrations of the extract of P. cubensis (EAP), and with potassium dichromate as reference toxic compound. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) in nauplii and adults and the inhibition of cysts hatching in A. franciscana were calculated. RESULTS: Nauplii showed a LC(50) = 135 µg/ml, while adults a LC(50) = 172 µg/ml. Cysts' hatching was inhibited by the EAP at all tested concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, the extract of P. cubensis was toxic for nauplii and adults of A. franciscana.